就近原则的短语(就近原则)
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语法:就远原则讲解
【就远原则】
谓语动词与前面主语一致
代表词汇:as well as;(together/along)with;rather than;except;besides;but;including;in addition to;apart from
采用“就近原则”的两个典型用法
即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。
1. 连词or, not…but…, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…等连接的并列主语,谓语动词的数与靠近它的主语一致。如:
Not his parents but he doesn’t want to go. 是他的父母亲不想去而不是他不想去。
Neither you nor I am a stranger here. 你和我都不是刚来这里。
Does neither he nor his classmates know the secret? 他和他的同学都不知道这个密秘?
2. 当there be后有两个或几个并列的主语时,be的数由与其靠得最近的那个主语一致。如:There is an apple, two pears and some oranges on the plate. 盘子里有一个苹果,两个梨子和一些桔子。
There are two pears, some oranges and an apple on the plate. 盘子里有两个梨子,一些桔子和一个苹果。
五、由 or,not only … but also …, either … or …, neither … nor …,not … but …等连接两个名词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式要根据就近原则来确定。
如:
You or he is going to be sent to study abroad .
He or we are going to be sent to study abroad .
六、“名词 + 介词 / 介词短语( with,together with,along with,as well as 等) + 名词”作主语时,谓语动词的单复数由介词前的名词的单复数形式决定。
如:
Tom as well as his parents enjoys fishing .
You as well as your brother have been accepted .
七、主语从句、不定式或动名词作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。
如:
What we can’t get seems better than what we have .
Taking more exercise is good for your health .
八、定语从句中,当先行词在从句中作主语时,从句谓语与先行词的人称和数保持一致;但“ one of + 名词复数”作先行词时,如在 one 前有 the,the very,the only 等词修饰时,从句谓语动词要用单数形式,若没有,则用复数形式。
如:
He is one of the students who have been praised by the headmaster .
He is the only one of the students who has been praised by the headmaster .
九、there be 句型中,be 的单复数形式由其后的名词决定,如果有两个或两个以上的名词,则按就近原则决定。
如:
There is only a desk in the room .
There is only a desk and two chairs in the room .
There are two chairs and a desk in the room .
十、“ the + 形容词”作主语表示一类人时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。
如:The rich don’t understand the life of the poor .
语法:就近原则讲解
【就近原则】
也称“邻近原则”“就近一致原则”(Proximity),即:谓语与靠近的名词、代词(有时不一定是主语)在“人称、数”上一致。
I.在正式文体中:
1.由下列词语连接的并列主语:"there be+句型; or ; either …or;nor; neither…nor;whether…or;not…but; not only…but also" ; 等。e.g.
①What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行为或言谈都与我无关。
②Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。
③Not you but your father is to blame . 不是你,而是你父亲该受责备。
④Not only you but(also) he is wrong .不仅你错了,他也错了。
2. 在倒装句中:谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。
e.g.①In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在远处,能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。
②There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。
II. 非正式文体中:
有时依“就近一致原则”,但也可依“意义一致原则”或严格地依“语法一致原则”。e.g.
Neither she nor I were there (意义一致) 我和他当时都不在那儿。(非正式)
Neither she nor I was there .(就近一致)(译文同上句)(正式)
但是,如果依“就近一致原则”而与其他两项原则相矛盾时,则常常认为是不太合符规范的。e.g.
No one except his own supporters agree with him .仅他自己的支持者同意他的意见。(依“就近”和“意义”一致的原则;但语法上,“No one ”才是主语,谓语要改成“agrees”。“写作中”一般要依“语法一致”原则。
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